Project Estimation Techniques in Software Engineering

Project Estimation Techniques in Softw be EngineeringThe four major parameters that control the software witnesss are time, requirements, preferences plurality, infrastructure/materials and money, and risks. This is one of the moderatenesss why fashioning good numbers of these vari suitables like time and re origins required for a make is truly critical. But if the estimate is lower than the disgorge demand it provide affect the pass off of the working class receivable to the lack of enough time, money, infrastructure/materials, or people. At the same time even if the estimation is over estimated then the company leave alone have to face losses due to the extra expenses or even if the enter is sanctioned other projects dont go on since thither is less to go around.For any victorious project management, estimation is a zippy part of project methodological analysis. Estimation has numerous applications like justification of project which has to be apply in the init ial stages of the project where in we need to anticipate the benefits which is compared with the costs incurred as well as to decipher comparisons and conclusions that has to be made with technical and operating(a) teams compound in the project. Also, estimation plays a vital role in project management to implement the disciplines required. Estimates help in sharing the resources required to sleep to dejecther the project deliverables successfully.Estimation transitDefinition Project estimation is a process of forecasting or approximating the project parameters like cost, time, effort etc., for a successful completion of the project deliverables 4.Overview of the Estimation ProcessThe first take aim to be remembered about estimation is that it does not finish until the completion of project and is a process of a slow and gradual refinement. For many software projects a project manager base assist the team to create successful estimates by development sound techniques and unde rstanding about what makes estimate more accurate. Staff required for a project estimation are taken from a pool of people who has some prior knowledge of the domain in which the new project is existence developed.When we want to start a project we need to know radical parameters required in advance like how long it will take, how many people it will require, how much effort it will require. In such cases it is arduous to estimate because in many cases projects overrun or project would go over budget. Always a good estimation practices keep the project on track. In many cases, project estimation bunghole be classified into three categories,Expert opinion Opinion from Qualified experts from within the organization or service partners is taken into account for estimation.Analogy A database where tasks previously completed are butt ind is taken into account. The new project would be decomposed into components/tasks, and compared with the corresponding tasks in the database.Ratios full-page project will be decomposed into Work Breakdown Structure (WBS), and estimating each component individually to produce an overall estimate.When to estimateA rough estimate is needed at the initial stage of the project or probably even before the actual project starts. This is because, the final negotiations should be made with the customer, which needs the rough estimate of the cost, time and quality of the project.Also, Estimation is a process of gradual refinement 2. It should be performed in parallel with the project development, in several(prenominal) phases. Each estimate will be refined to give a converged estimate towards the end of the project.Estimation should be carried out until the completion of project deliverables. in that respect are basically two onrushes for estimating project parameters 4. They are pourboire-down estimation approachBottom-up estimation approachTop-down estimation approachTop-down estimation approach is usually use at the initial stages o f the project. This estimation is usually carried out by the top managers who have little knowledge of the processes involved in the completion of the project. The in ensnare to this estimation is either information or the view of the manager carrying out the estimation. These top-down estimation methods are often used to evaluate the project proposal. In most cases, the best(p) results can be achieved in estimation only when one used both top-down and bottom-up estimation methods. However, it is practically not possible to carry out bottom-up methods until the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) are clearly defined. In such cases, top-down estimates are used until the WBS becomes addressable.There are many methods in top-down approach listed below 4Consensus methods This estimation method uses experience of a free radical of people to estimate the project parameters. This method involves project meetings, a place where these people can discuss, argue and finally come to a conclusion from their best guess estimate. The Delphi method comes under this category.Ratio methods These estimation methods use ratios to estimate project times and costs. For example, in a construction work, the total cost of the project can be estimated by knowing the number of square feet. Likewise, a software project is estimated by its complexity and its features.Approximation methods This estimation method is very useful when the project to be estimated is closely related to any of the previous projects in terms of its features and costs. By utilise the pastal data of the estimates, good estimates can be approximated with very little effort.Function point methods Many software projects are usually estimated using weighted macro variables called function points. Function points can be number of inputs, number of outputs, number of inquiries, number of data files, and number of interfaces. These function points are weighted again with a complexity level and summed up to get the total cost or duration estimates of the project.Bottom-up estimation approachTop-down estimation approach can usually be put in practice once the project is defined or once there is some progress in the project. This means, this estimation is more into work mailboat level, which are responsible for low-cost estimates and efficient methods. It is often recommended that this estimation is usually carried out by people most knowledgeable about the estimate needed. The cost, time, resource estimates from the work packages can be checked with the associated accounts to major deliverables. Also, these estimates in later stages can be consolidated into phased networks, resource schedules, and budgets that used for control. Additionally, customer will get an opportunity to compare the low-cost, efficient method with any imposed restrictions, using bottom-up approach 4.There are many methods in top-down approach listed below 4Template methods If the project to be estimated is similar to any of t he past projects, then estimates of the past projects can be used as starting point estimates for the new project. This is similar to approximation estimation in top-down approach.Parametric procedures These parametric procedures are same like ratio methods in top-down approach. However, here the parametric procedures are applied on precise tasks.Detailed estimates for WBS work packages This is usually most reliable method of all estimation methods. The reason for this is that here the estimates are performed by people responsible for the work packages in Work Breakdown Structure. These people have prior knowledge or experience upon the tasks they perform specified in WBS, because of which the estimates are usually most reliable.In addition to the top-down and bottom-up approaches, there is another kind of estimating which is a loan-blend of the above two approaches. This is called as Phase Estimating. When there is unusual amount of uncertainty is surrounded by the project, people go for phase estimating. In this approach, two-estimate administration is used over the conduct-cycle of the project. The whole project is initially divided into phases. Then a detailed estimate is developed for the immediate phase, and a macro-estimate is mode for the rest phases of the project.Difficulties in EstimationThere are two major cases where Estimation problems almost always boil down to estimates that are either as well as in high spirits or too low.Padded estimates, where the team members intentionally over estimates in order to give themselves extra time to work, are a chronic source of estimates that are too high. In such case, the project will take at least as long as it had been estimated even though it was before overestimated. According to Parkinsons Law, Work expands to fill available time1.Other case arises when senior managers give unrealistic deadlines that are a chronic source of estimates that are too low. In such cases, the staff in the project devel opment can burnout and produce low quality components. Also the credibility will be garbled because, the deadlines would be missed.Both the cases can lead to morale problems.Estimation ToolsSoftware tools are very important for estimation. Estimation tools are the software packages implemented using any of the estimation methods as its algorithm, to make project managers life gentle. These estimation tools help from skipping important tasks in a method. These tools are useful to organise, update and stash away the results of the estimates. Also, Estimation Tools are useful to 2Estimate project size using Function Points or other metrics.Derive effort and schedule from the project estimates using various algorithms and techniques.Perform analysis with staffing, duration etc. and appreciate how realistic they are.Produce and update results like Gantt charts and other tables easily.Maintain and exploit a database of historic data.Import data from other projects run in organisations with which you have no connection.However, one should very carefully select the estimation tools for a particular project. pattern Required functional capabilities of estimation tools should match the needs and desired capabilities specific to the project.In selecting an estimation tool, one should match the available tools with the overall requirements of the project. In general, estimation tools shouldBe very adaptive to any projects development environment, so that one can customize the tool according to the project needs.Be comparatively easy to understand, learn and use.Be able to produce some early project estimates without waiting for the whole project to be completely defined designed.Be able to provide estimates for different phases and activities in the project, if it is classified so.Understand and support wide telescope of languages and applications, as it is really important for a tool to provide estimates specific to the applications.Be able to provide accurate sched ule estimates, whose purpose is not only to predict task completion given task sequence and available resources, but also to establish starting and ending dates for the associated work packages and life-cycle phases.Be able to provide maintenance estimates separately, which includes correcting errors, modifying the software to accommodate changes in requirements, and extending and enhancing software performance. evaluation of the estimation toolsThere are many tools in the market for project estimation. However, I am investigating a few and very efficient tools in the current market.PROBEThe name PROBE is derived from Proxy Based Estimating, introduced by Watts Humphrey (of the Software Engineering Institute at Carnegie Mellon University) 1.Principle If a component being built is similar to one built previously, then the effort it takes would be about the same as it did in the past.It mainly helps individual software engineers monitor, test, and reform their own work. Each componen t in the database is indicateed a type (calculation, data, logic, etc.) and a size (from very small to very large). Also, a database is used to store history of size and effort details of these individual components. Later on, when a new project must be estimated, it is broken down into tasks that correspond to these types and sizes. A formula establish on linear regression is used to calculate the estimate for each task 1.COCOMOThe COCOMO is the most used estimation tool in the market for cost and schedule estimating. The COCOMO is derived from Constructive Cost Model, developed by Barry Boehm in the early 1980s 1.Principle The model developed empirically by course a study of many software development projects and statistically analyzing their results. There by developing a database of the analysed details.Boehm developed COCOMO empirically by running a study of 63 software development projects and statistically analyzing their results. COCOMO II was developed in the 1990s as an updated version for modern development life cycles, and it is based on a broader set of data 1. The COCOMO calculation incorporates 15 cost drivers, variables that must be provided as input for a model that is based on the results of those studied projects. These variables cover software, computer, personnel, and project attributes. The output of the model is a set of size and effort estimates that can be developed into a project schedule 1.The Planning GameThe Planning Game is the software project planning method from Extreme Programming (XP), a lightweight development methodology developed by Kent Beck in the 1990s at Chrysler 1. It is a method used to manage the negotiation between the engineering team (Development) and the stakeholders (Business). It gains some wound up distance from the planning process by treating it as a game, where the playing pieces are user stories written on index cards and the goal is to assign value to stories and put them into production over time 1.U nlike PROBE, COCOMO and Delphi, the Planning Game does not require a documented description of the scope of the project to be estimated 1. Rather, it is a full planning process that combines estimation with identifying the scope of the project and the tasks required to complete the software. Like much of XP, the planning process is passing iterative. The scope is established by having Development and Business work together to interactively write the stories. Then, each story is given an estimate of 1, 2, or 3 weeks. Stories that are larger than that are split up into multiple iterations. Business is given an opportunity to steer the project between iterations. The estimates themselves are created by the programmers, based on the stories that are created. Finally, commitments are agreed upon. This is repeated until the next iteration of the project is planned.Critical analysisIn order to have the best estimates of a project, it is crack to make some rough top-down estimates initial ly, develop the WBS, using which make bottom-up estimates, and develop schedules and estimates and finally, reconcile the differences between top-down and bottom-up approaches. Also for type results, the project manager should allow some time to carry out top-down and bottom-up estimates, there by reliable estimates can be offered to the customer. This will in turn reduce the false expectations for stakeholders.If we compare estimation approaches, there are some uses to use some approaches depending on the context of the estimation. Top-down approaches are preferable over bottom-up approaches in case of highly uncertain projects, whose scope is also unstable. Also, in case of internal and small projects, it is not expenditure spending lots of time and effort to go for bottom-top estimates. Therefore, in such cases, top-down approaches are preferable. Also, at the initial stages of the project when the decisions and negotiations should be made with the customer, top down is mandato ry, due to lack of WBS to that particular project.However, in case of cost and time estimates are really important and plays vital role in the project development, one should go for bottom-up estimates. In case of fixed-price contracts and when the customer demands for exact details of the project development, one should go for bottom-up estimation methods, due to its highly reliable results. Also, Phase estimation approach is much useful in the projects, whose final nature (shape, size, features) is highly uncertain. However, both these methods largely depend on experts opinions. In case if the experts knowledge in a particular domain is insufficient to estimate, one should go for analytical estimation technique which is used in estimation tools like PROBE.In case of estimation tools, PROBE is useful to the early engineers who are in their learning stage. They can perform wide clutches of experiments and gain knowledge of the previous projects, thereby gaining the real-time experi ence in Estimation. However, COCOMO series of tools are more of professional kind because of its complex and wide range of applications. COCOMO is useful in many decision making situations including, all kinds of estimates, like cost, time, effort, maintenance. Also, using these estimates COCOMO can produce budgets and schedules.ConclusionProject estimation plays a vital role in the planning of any project. Estimation of project cost, time, effort and quality act like input for project scheduling and budgeting. Therefore, the domain of the project to be developed should be initially studied carefully to make a decision in selecting the right methods and tools for a good project estimation. In this document, an investigation report on project estimation is explained in detail. Also, all types of estimation methods and estimation tools are critically evaluated and analysed. Therefore, this document could be helpful in the selection of good estimation methods and tools for successful p roject estimation, in order to make a good project planning for a successful project management.

Film Research: Maze Runner

Film Research maze runnerINTRODUCTIONThe ikon we have picked is The Maze Runner. This type of plastic film is thriller and action. The movie is released in September 11, 2014. The movie is where a boy named doubting Thomas who wakes up in an old lift when he have reached up the sur boldness he embed come on that he has been sent to a grassy place called the Glade. He was in shocked because he cant remember anything. He met some convention of boys that who had lived there for some years. The head of the Glade is Alby. He showed Thomas around the Glade and explains everything to him. When showing the Glade, Thomas showed interest on the verge that lead to the maze. Alby told Thomas not to enter the maze because once they enter they cant take place any way step up because the maze go out change every time when night comes. One time, Thomas ran into the maze to save Alby and MinHo. Even though he had broken the rules he has been promoted to a runner. Thomas and MinHo then run i nside the maze to find a way out. In the end, they found a way out leading some of the Gladers to be able to escape from the Maze.The target of the audience for our research is the college students in Tunku Abdul Rahman University College. There ar many faculties in the college like Faculty of Applied Sciences and Computing, Faculty of Accountancy, pay Business, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment. The audience we are researching is on the Faculty of Applied Sciences and Computing, Faculty of Accountancy Business, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment. The student mount in Tunku Abdul Rahman University College we have research on is 18 to 26.The number of students we have targeted on is 50 students. There are 25 boys and 25 misfires who have finish our research. Mostly of the students has breaked the Maze Runner.LITERATURE REVIEWMedia effect have been be doing research in 1940, that is a year before the time of television. Researchers show the take care of n ational multiple voting. While the interviewer need to investigate the opinion or behaviour of a group of people by asking them irresolution and that are is it the press and radio depart influence mankind option for the forthcoming vote.The two step flow theory is a process of impacting the people. It is talk some the mass media influence the people and it will continuous affect people such as opinion leader will influence opinion follower. The case of opinion leader mostly are active in social , they like to communicate with different and easy-going. At the same time, opinion follower will collect their knowledge. So actually this is a cyclic process.The next theory is Agenda setting , it is a theory that to cause the public have knowledge and also must relate to the main point of the collective of newspaper and magazines. And it is not bring the real message to us but it achieve to bring forth us know what it really bring the message that almost close to us.Spiral of sile nce is discuss the overall opinion that is not supportive when the public intend to know they are only a smallest part in the whole. They not dare to provide their feeling and though, they prefer to keep their mouth take out and media will make them unable to speak. If one point are given that mean other one will vanish.Social learning theory is to lay hold of (on someone conscious(predicate)ness, inspiration and the capacity to remember things. People gain knowledge from take notice from others that are close to them . They like to await attentively other state of minds and manners. Because they want to look resemble like them. This theory can define that people can absorb the fresh things and can improve the quality of themselves just by see the manner of people.RESEARCHThere are two types of method use to get answers for the research such as resume in quantitative method and interviews in qualitative methods. We have used quantitative method in our research. Quantitative met hod is where people pass out critiques form to the people to fill in and this method can help calculate the percentage on how many people have respond to the question given in the survey forms. This method can help people who are researching for answers easier. That is why we used quantitative research because students would mostly fill in survey forms. We have collected data from the students of Tunku Abdul Rahman University College and we distribute our survey form in the library of the college.FINDINGSQa) Do the college students watch The Maze Runner?Based on the bar chart above, 25 boys and 25 girls had watched The Maze Runner.Qb) Where do the college students watch The Maze Runner?Based on the bar chart above, 22 boys watch The Maze Runner at cinema while 3 of the boys watch it through the Internet. Besides, 23 girls watch this movie at cinema and 2 girls watch it through online.Qc) Are the college students aware of the values of unfearing in The Maze Runner movie?Based on th e bar chart above, 22 boys aware of the values of courageous in The Maze Runner movie while 3 of the boys did not aware of the values in this movie. There are 24 girls aware of the values of courageous in this movie and 1 girl do not aware of this value.Qd) What scene in The Maze Runner movie would the college students direct as courageous?Based on the bar chart above, the scene fight with the griever 5 boys and 4 girls consider it as courageous while the scene want to be a runner both boys and girls are same that is 5 people cull it. Furtherto a greater extent, the scene run out from the glade to find a way to escape from the maze 7 boys and 10 girls consider it as courageous. 8 boys and 6 girls consider the scene turn over yourself to save people as courageous.Qe) After reflection The Maze Runner movie, have college students try to be to a greater extent courageous in real lifetime?Based on the pie chart above, 12 boys and 10 girls say that after watching The Maze runner movi e, they try to be more courageous in real life while 9 boys and 13 girls think that they are maybe change to be more courageous in real life. yet 4 boys and 2 girls say they are no change to be more courageous after watched this movie.Qf) In what way, do college students think the movie has taught them to be more courageous? (This question can choose more than one)Based on the bar chart above, 12 boys and 11 girls choose to face the gainsay bravely, 5 boys and 7 girls choose to face the challenge bravely to overcome the fear in us. Moreover, 6 boys and 5 girls choose to seek help from family members when they face problem and 8 boys and 11 girls will find a solution when they face problem. If they cannot handle problem, they will work together with friends both 8 boys and girls choose this.Qg) Do college students consider themselves to be more courageous after they watch The Maze Runner movie?Based on the bar chart above, 18 boys and 15 girls say they consider themselves to be mo re courageous after they watch this movie. 3 boys and 8 girls say they didnt change to be more courageous after watch this movie.CONCLUSIONAs a conclusion, we had done our survey by questionnaire method and we have conclude our understanding by the survey. Our survey forms were distributed to other different faculty students to fill in.According to the survey that we made, most of the students have already watch the movie The Maze Runner. The majority of students watching the movie is at cinema than downloading from the internet. There are majority of students are aware and minority students does not aware of the values of courageous in The Maze Runner movie. Majority of students consider that run out from the glade to find a way to escape from the maze as courageous. Many students also consider sacrifice yourself to save people as courageous. Some students consider being a runner as courageous. And minority of them consider fighting with the griever as courageous.Furthermore, mostl y boy students feel that they will try be more courageous in real life after watching The Maze Runner movie and mostly girl students feel that maybe they will try to be more courageous in real life. A little group of them feel that they will not try to be more courageous in real life. Majority of girl and boy students also feel that the movie had taught them to be more courageous, so when they face any challenge, they will face it bravely. Some girl students also feel that if they face any problem, they will find a solution to solve it. Minority of boy students feel that when they face challenge, they need to face it bravely to overcome the fear in them and minority of girl students feel that when they have a problem that they cant solve, they will seek help from their family members.Moreover, majority of boy and girl students consider themselves to be more courageous after they watch The Maze Runner movie. But a little group of boy and girl students does not consider themselves to be more courageous after they watch The Maze Runner movie.In short, we conclude that most of the Tunku Abdul Rahman University College students thinks that The Maze Runner movie is courageous.

Robert E. Lees Life :: biographies bio biography

A LONG TIME AGO ON THE sidereal day OF JANUARY 19,1807 TO BE EXACT IN STARATFORD,VIRGINIA THEIR WAS A MIRACLE THAT WAS BORN.THE MIRACLE BABY THAT WAS BORN WAS NAMED ROBERT E. LEE. THE MIRACLE BABY WAS GIVEN BIRTH BY HIS MOTHER ANN HILL CARTER AND HIS FATHER NAMED HERNY LEE AND some PEOPLE KNOW HIM AS LIGHT-HORSE HARRY. HIS MOTHER ANN HAD BEEN RAISED FROM A FAMILY THAT HAD BEEN REPECTFUL AND THAT THEY HAD WORKED FOR THE VIRGINIAS GOVERNMENT SOCIETY THAT HELD PROMINENT POTIONS. STILL LEES FAMILY HAD EXTENED IN THE UPPER CLASSES. DURING SOME OF THE SIGINIFICANT EVENTS THAT HAPPENED WAS THE LOTS OF thrall THAT HAD WENT ON THROUGH HIS CHILDHOOD. IN 1818 ROBERTS FATHER HERNY HAD PAST AWAY. WHEN THE FIRST GROWING ISSUE OVER SLAVERY IN THE UNTIED STATES HAD SOON INVOLVED ROBERT. ROBERT E. LEE WAS A GREAT command WHO look out onED THE CONFEDERTE ARMY IN THE AMERICAN CIVILWAR. IN 1831 ROBERT HAD MARRIED A WOMEN BY THE NAME OF MARY CUSTIS, WHO WAS THE DAUGHTER OF WASHINGTO N PARKE CUSTIS. WHILE MARY AND ROBERT WHERE TOGETHER THEY HAD SEVEN CHILDERN AND THEIR NAMES WERE G.WCUSTIS,MARY,W.H.FITZHUGH,ANNIE,AGNES,ROBE-RT AND MILDERD. HE HAD MASTERFULLY FOUGHT MR.CLELLANTO A STAND STILL AT ANTIETAM AND TWO DAYS LATER HE HAD RECROSSED THE POTOMAC. FOLLOWING A STINTIN THE BALTIMORE HABOR HE BECAME SUPERINTENDENT OF THE MILTARY ACADAMY IN 1852. IN THE CHARGE OF VIRGINIAS FLEDGLING MILTARY MIGHT, HE WAS in the first place INVOLVED IN ORGANIZATIONAL MATTERS. IN THE FIRST SUMMER OF THE WAR HE WAS GIVEN HIS FIRST FIELD COMMAND IN WESTERN VIRGINIA.GENERAL LEE WAS A SUCCESS OF THE ENTIRE ITALIN CAMPAINGN TURNED UPON THE SUCCESSFUL PASSAGE OF THE BRIDGE OF LODI.THEY STRAGGERD UNDER THE WITHERING FIRE AND RETREATED BUT THE FAILURE WAS split up AND THE PAST MUST BE WON. BEFORE THE MEXICAN WAR ROBERT HAD SERVED ON ENGINEERING SOME PROJECTS IN GEORGIA, VIRGINIA, AND NEW YORK. ROBERT HAD GRADULLY BECAME UNCLE ROBERT AND MARSE ROBERT. ON APRIL 18 , 1861 ROBERT WAS OFFERED FIELD COMMAND OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY.

Acid Rain :: Free Essay Writer

Acid Rain Acid rain is a serious problem with disastrous effects. severally day this serious problem increases, numerous people believe that this issue is too small to deal with right now this issue should be met target on and solved before it is too late. In the following paragraphs I will be discussing the impact it has on the wildlife and how our atmosphere is being destroyed by acid rain.There is evidence that the rain is destroying the productivity of the once rich soils, like an overdose of chemical fertilizer. The damage of such overdosing may not be repairable or reversible. On some croplands, tomatoes grow to only half their full weight, and the leaves of radishes wither. Naturally it rains on cities too, eating away stone monuments and concrete structures, and corroding the pipes that ship the water away to the lakes and the cycle is repeated. Paints and automobile paints have its life reduce due to the pollution in the atmosphere speeding up the corrosion process. In some communities the drinking water is mixed with toxic metals freed from metal pipes by the acidity. As if urban skies were not already gray enough, typical visibility has declined from 10 to 4 miles, along the Eastern seaboard, as acid rain turns into smog. Also, now there are indicators that the components of acid rain are a health risk, link to human respiratory disease.Not only is acid rain killing our plants and animals, it is killing our budget, in addition to contributing to acid rain, nitrogen oxides can reply with hydrocarbons to produce ozone, a major air pollutant responsible in the United States for annual losses of $2 billion to 4.5 billion worth of wheat, corn, soybeans, and peanuts. A all-inclusive range of interactions can occur many unknown with toxic metals.At the beginning of the 20th century most rivers/lakes like the river Tovdal in Norway had not moreover begun to die. However by 1926 local inspectors were noticing that many of the lakes were beginning to show signs of death. Fish were found dead along the banks of many rivers. As the winters ice began to melt polish off more and more hundreds upon hundreds more dead fish (trout in particular) were being found. It was at this time that scientist began to search for the reason. As the scientists continued to work they found many piles of dead fish, up to 5000 in one pile, further up the river.

Oppression and Spiritual Deterioration in William Blakes Poem London E

Oppression and Spiritual Deterioration in William Blakes Poem LondonLondonI wander thro each charterd street, 1 Near where the charterd Thames does flow, 2 And mark in entirely(prenominal) face I meet, 3 Marks of weakness, marks of woe. 4 In every cry of every Man, 5 In every Infants cry of fear, 6 In every voice, in every ban, 7 The mind-forgd manacles I hear 8 How the Chimney-sweepers cry 9 Every blackning Church appalls, 10 And the hapless Soldiers sigh, 11 Runs the blood down Palace walls. 12 But most thro midnight streets I hear 13 How the vernal Harlots curse 14 Blasts the new-born Infants tear, 15 And blights with plagues the Marriage hearse. 16 London by William Blake is a short poem packed with meaning. The poem has two related themes. The origin explores the spectral decay and slavery of the people of London. The second examines the oppression of certain disadvantaged groups and the implied apathy of the oppressors. Blake crafts a skillful poem with mast erful use of shape word meaning, irony, repetition, and visual and audible images. Layered meanings become apparent in the first two lines where Blake writes of the charterd street and the charterd Thames. Based on the various definitions of charter and chartered, Blake could be speaking ironically of the privileged streets where the harlots and chimney sweepers live. Blake may also be using chartered to encompass all of men. Chartered can describe a branch established by a sovereign, and, in this sense, London on the charterd Thames may be one branch of man, representing all men under a spiritual curse. Finally, charter denotes contracts between men for business pu... ...e of an oppressed and an oppressor. Possibly, the youthful harlot is a prostitute because she has no other work or has no family. Indirectly, husbands and the men of London in general are accused for their lack of responsibility. The men either pass venereal disease to the harlot or put out it home with them, a pparently unconcerned about the results of their actions. The actions of these men have led to what Blake calls the loudest and most prevalent cry of the poem--the sound of the fall of the family. In conclusion, Blake points out the spiritual deterioration of his time in London. He sees what is plainly visible but goes unnoticed by other men. He becomes the wanderer, the poet-prophet, the voice of experience crying for all to take note and mend their ways. Work Cited Abrams, M. H. , gen. ed. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. 5th edition

The Vietnam War - The 1968 Tet Offensive :: Vietnam War Essays

The Vietnam War - The 1968 Tet OffensiveFor several thousand years, Vietnamese Lunar bracing Year has been atraditional celebration that brings the Vietnamese a sense of happiness,hope and peace. However, in recent years, It also bring back a virulentmemory full of tears. It reminds them the 1968 bloodshed, a bloodiestmilitary campaign of the Vietnam War the North Communists launched againstthe South.The general offensive and general uprising of the north marked the sharp squirm of the Vietnam War. Today there have been a great number of writingsabout this event. However, it seems that many key facts in the Communistcampaign are restrained misinterpreted or neglected.In the mid-80, living in Saigon after being released from the Communistre-education camp, I read a book published in the early 1980s in Americaabout the story of the 1968 Tet Offensive. It said that the NorthVietnamese Army supreme command had imitated maven of the greatest heroes ofVietnam, King Quang Trung, who won the most outstanding victory over theChinese aggressors in the 1789 counter-attack - in planning the 1968operations.The book quoted King Quang Trungs tactic of surprise. He let the mancelebrate the 1789 Tet Festival one day ahead so that he could launch theattacks on the first three days of the lunar new year while the Chinesetroops were still feasting and not ready to organize their defense.Those who claimed the similarity between the two campaigns certainly didnot know the whole truth, but jumped into conclusion with trigger-happy imaginationafter learning that the North Vietnamese attacking units also celebratedTet one day ahead before the attacks.In fact, the Tet Offensive skint out on the Tets Eve - in the earlymorning of January 30, 1968 at many cities of Central Vietnam, such as DaNang and Qui Nhon, as well as cities in the central coastal and highlandareas, that lied within the Communist 5th Military Region.. The othercities to the south that included Saigon, were attack ed 24 hours later atthe small hours of January 31. Thus the offensive lost its element of totalsurprise that every tactician has to respect.But It surprised me that some in the American media were still oblivious(predicate) ofsuch tragic story.The story started some 5 months previously. On August 8, 1967, the NorthVietnam government approved a lunar calendar specifically compiled for theseventh judgment of conviction zone that covers all Vietnam, replacing the traditional lunarcalendar that had been in use in Asia for hundreds of years.That old calendar was calculated for the 8th time zone that Beijing falls

Confucius Paper :: essays research papers

According to tradition, Confucius was born in the affirm of Lu (present-day Shandong Province) of the noble Kung clan. His original name was Kung Chiu. His father, commander of a district in Lu, died three years after Confucius was born, leaving the family in poverty, but Confucius nevertheless received a fine education. He was married at the age of 19 and had one son and two daughters. During the four years immediately after his marriage, poverty compelled him to become a sevant for the chief of the district in which he lived. His fix died in 527 BC, and after a period of mourning he began his career as a teacher, usually traveling about and instructing the small body of disciples that had self-contained around him. His fame as a man of learning and character and his reverence for Chinese exalteds and customs soon spread through the principality of Lu.Living as he did in the second half of the Zhou (Chou) dynasty (1027?-256 BC), when feudalism degenerated in China and conspirac y and evildoing were constant, Confucius deplored the contemporary disorder and lack of moral standards. He came to believe that the only remedy was to convert people once more to the principles of the sages of antiquity. He therefore lectured to his pupils on the ancient classics. He taught the great value of the position of example. Rulers, he said, can be great only if they themselves lead free lives, and were they willing to be guided by moral principles, their states would sure become flourishing and happy.Confucius had, however, no opportunity to put his theories to a public test until, at the age of 50, he was appointed magistrate of Chung-tu, and the next year minister of crime of the state of Lu. His administration was successful reforms were introduced, justice was fairly dispensed, and crime was almost eliminated. So powerful that Lu became the ruler of a neighboring state maneuvered to secure the ministers dismissal. Confucius left(a) his office in 496 BC, traveling ab out and teaching, vainly hoping that some other prince would allow him to undertake measures of reform. In 484 BC, after a fruitless search for an ideal ruler, he returned for the last time to Lu. He spent the remaining years of his life in retirement, writing commentaries on the classics. He died in Lu and was interred in a tomb at Ch-fu, Shandong.

Essay --

The Economy, Monetary Policy, and MonopoliesAlesia E. DavisStrayer UniversityEco-100Dr. Shadrack KorosDecember 6, 2013Analyze the current economic situation in the U.S. as compared to five (5) years ago. Include interest rates, inflation, and unemployment in your analysis. According to an article in the Wall roadway Journal posted on the 6th of December 2013, employers in the United States have continued to increment jobs at a fixed pace and the unemployment rate fell in November, a sign of stronger economic growth that may intensify debate within the plyeral Reserve about reducing central bank bond purchases as early as this month. (Wall Street Journal, 2013) U.S. payrolls rose by 203,000 last month, the aim Department said Friday. The unemployment rate dropped three-tenths of a percentage point to 7.0%, the lowest level in five years. (Wall Street Journal, 2013) Economists surveyed by Dow Jones Newswires had forecast nonfarm payrolls would rise by 180,000 and the unemployment rate would tick down to 7.2%. Payroll numbers in September and October were reviewed up by a combined 8,000. Fridays report may strengthen expectations that the Fed will soon slow the pace of its $85 billion a month in bond purchases. At their October meeting, officials were looking to end the program in coming months. The Feds program, started in September 2012, is designed to keep long-term interest rates low, boost investment and spur hiring. (Wall Street Journal, 2013, New York Times, 2013) In October of 2013, the US inflation rate eased for the third straight month to 1 percent, the lowest rate since October of 2009. Primarily due to a drop in accelerator pedal prices in September, the price dropped to ... ...t possible competitors from entering the market. (OSullivan, A., Sheffrin, S., & Perez, S. (2012))The Wall Street Journal - Breaking News, Business, Financial and Economic News, World News & Video - Wall Street Journal - Wsj.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//wsj.comThe New York Times - Breaking News, World News & Multimedia. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//NYT.comInterest rates The big freeze - Jan. 22, 2013. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//money.cnn.com/2013/01/01/news/economy/interest-rates.moneymag/OSullivan, A., Sheffrin, S., & Perez, S. (2012). Survey of economics Principles, applications, and tools (5th ed.). hurrying Saddle River, NJ Pearson-Prentice Hall.Job Creation. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//useconomy.about.com/od/Employment/tp/Job-Creation.htmThe Bell System History AT&T. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.corp.att.com/history/history3.html

Essay --

The Economy, Monetary Policy, and MonopoliesAlesia E. DavisStrayer UniversityEco-100Dr. Shadrack KorosDecember 6, 2013Analyze the current economic situation in the U.S. as compared to five (5) years ago. take interest rates, inflation, and unemployment in your analysis. According to an article in the Wall Street Journal posted on the 6th of December 2013, employers in the United States hand continued to increase jobs at a fixed pace and the unemployment rate fell in November, a sign of stronger economic growth that whitethorn step forward debate within the Federal Reserve about reducing central bank bond purchases as early as this month. (Wall Street Journal, 2013) U.S. payrolls rose by 203,000 last month, the Labor Department said Friday. The unemployment rate pour forthped three-tenths of a percentage point to 7.0%, the lowest level in five years. (Wall Street Journal, 2013) Economists surveyed by Dow Jones peeledswires had reckon nonfarm payrolls would rise by 180,000 and the unemployment rate would tick down to 7.2%. Payroll numbers in September and October were reviewed up by a combined 8,000. Fridays report may strengthen expectations that the Fed will soon slow the pace of its $85 billion a month in bond purchases. At their October meeting, officials were looking to terminal the program in coming months. The Feds program, started in September 2012, is designed to keep long-term interest rates low, boost investment and spur hiring. (Wall Street Journal, 2013, New York Times, 2013) In October of 2013, the US inflation rate eased for the third straight month to 1 percent, the lowest rate since October of 2009. Primarily due to a drop in gasoline prices in September, the price dropped to ... ...t possible competitors from entering the market. (OSullivan, A., Sheffrin, S., & Perez, S. (2012))The Wall Street Journal - Breaking News, Business, Financial and Economic News, World News & goggle box - Wall Street Journal - Wsj.com. ( n.d.). Retrieved from http//wsj.comThe New York Times - Breaking News, World News & Multimedia. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//NYT.comInterest rates The big freeze - Jan. 22, 2013. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//money.cnn.com/2013/01/01/news/economy/interest-rates.moneymag/OSullivan, A., Sheffrin, S., & Perez, S. (2012). keep abreast of economics Principles, applications, and tools (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson-Prentice Hall.Job Creation. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//useconomy.about.com/od/Employment/tp/Job-Creation.htmThe Bell System History AT&T. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.corp.att.com/history/history3.html

American News Media

Being two of the top newspaper creationations in United States, New York times and the Washington have a bun in the oven have been maintaining such(prenominal) competition through the years that ever more than raises the quality of American journalism. Raising the bar can have mortal consequences as this requires an even greater pressure, and involves politicking among themselves and their contenders not to mention maintaining its integrity as institutions.This is a fact that the major media companies be a ware of, and therefore take such precautions to avoid them damage and at the same time bring them profits and glory. Being representatives of the most powerful country in the whole world, they can easily become prey to the critics as they are constantly being examined under the microscope. And this is when the medias generals take their positions in the field, taking whatever risks to gain them the lead. The Washington Posts story on the Watergate Scandal is probably one of t he best investigative stories in the recent decades.It was the story that would have not been published without the invoke of its executive editor Benjamin Bradlee who chose to oversee the investigations being run by his writers Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein rather than stay away from the dangers and pressure brought about by the wild situation. His trust on the amount of impact of the story won him the gamble. The evidences dug in the story later on contributed to President Nixons eventual resignation.After threesome more decades came the tragedy that shook the world- and the moment the New York Times executive editor Howell Raines had been waiting for, successfully commandeering his team of journalist amid the chaos of the family 11 bombing. The stirring portraits and stories of the publication delivered a powerful emotional blow to its readers across the country and helped shape the peoples minds in supporting renders war against terror as they believe that it will bring ju stice to the dreadful acts of the countrys enemies.His aggressive leadership has brought many changes in the organization despite the criticisms he had received. These are only two of the cases of medias great battles won, two of the battles that will not have been won without the fortitude and combine of Bradlee and Raines, for otherwise America will have been seeing a different picture. Today, there has been a growing number of critics since Bushs failing war on terror with accusations that the media is being used by Bush to spread his propaganda.The public watches and waits for the medias next move as it enters a new stage. It has also been very influential in the last few decades since the advent of cable television and the internet which allowed them to serve a wider range of audiences and sequentially earn them more profits. It involves itself with war, controversies, scandals, clashes in political beliefs, religion and all the other things vital to people just to be able to deliver what the people need to know that journalists are sometimes even dubbed muckrakers.The Watergate scandal is probably one of the most unforgettable triumphs of American news media when the investigative reportage from Washington Posts Woodward and Bernstein triggered public outbursts which largely contributed to President Nixons resignation. It proudly displayed its power and steadfastness to America and to the rest of the world. And it is these medias capabilities that make it one of the most successful industries in America, earning billions of dollars per annum from advertisements alone.But their gibbosity nonetheless comes with a price. And such sentiments are a lot common nowadays since Bush failed to capture Osama Bin Laden in Al root word followed by his unpopular war in Iraq. Although media has played a large part in both these wars, people still remain skeptical on its real agenda. Most people believe that the media is only being used for propaganda.First, it shou ld have been able to expose the truth and determine if Iraq was indeed capable of manufacturing weapons of sight destruction. It is quite arguable if media should even be blamed for it, for the people might simply be too disillusioned to even consider medias side. American media is being put under more pressure as Bush also struggles to answer every question on why he failed, why he continues to fail and what he will do to avoid future mishaps.

Cry of the Kalahari

Cry of the Kalahari grad and Delia Owens were two students that studied biology at the University of Georgia. They both sh ard a dream of saving part of Africas wilderness that is endangered or going extinct. They enquiryed and make conversation projects based on the endangered wildlife in Africa for twenty-three years. They got wed then shortly after they sold e actuallything they owned and used the m unitaryy to buy tickets and supplies and headed to Africa. They lived in tents for seven years in Deception Valley, in the Kahalari discontinue of Bostwana studying black-manned lions and hyenas.In their book Cry of the Kahalari, published in 1984, the Owens said they had bad living conditions. A quote from them says We rationed ourselves to seven gallons of water per week, for bathing, cooking, and drinking. The water from the drums tasted handle hot metallic tea, and to cool it for drinking, we filled tin dinner plates and set them in the shade of the acacia. But if we didnt watc h it to closely, the water would quickly evaporate or collect bees, twigs, or soil. After washing the dishes, we took sponge baths in the dishwater, and then strained the coffee-colored liquid through a cloth into the trucks radiator. They built a research station and over several years they gained the trust of the different lions and brown hyenas. Mark Owens later went to South Africa to learn how to pilot small airplanes. The Frankfurt zoological Society became the Owens main sponsor granted him with the money to imbibe a single-engine plane called a Cessna. He used the plane to clutch surveys of the wildlife. Him and his wife did very close observations of the social life and behaviors of the brown hyenas. People were attracted to their work, which funded for their observations.In 1997, they returned the United States to work in the North-West of the United States and to record their data from their years in Africa. Mark and Delia Owens stayed in a country named Bostwana. Bost wana is located in the lower-center portion of Africa (22 00 S, 24 00 E) . The capital is Gaborone and Bostwana is virtually 600,370 square kilometers. The national language in Bostwana is Setswana plainly the official language is English. The currency is the Pula (P) which is made of one hundred Thebe. Bostwana is in the Central Africa Time.The climate there in the summer is from November to the end of March and ordinarily very high temperatures, also very rainy and cloudy. In 1974, many parts of the country flooded. It was the heaviest ever recorded in Bostwana. The winter season begins in May and ends in August. This is the dry season when there is none to very little rainfall. It is very sunny, however, evening and night temperatures can drop below freezing point. In between April and May, and September and October it is still dry and the days are cooler and nights are warmer. The African lions are the largest of Africas cats and are active at night.The lion has excellent bi nocular vision and is able to see very well in low light. The lions can usually be found lying low shade trees. Lions are very social animals and they team up to trace their prey. They form in groups called prides. The pride is two groups, one of four to twelve womanlys and cubs, and one of one to six males who mate with the females. The prides are few in places like the Kalahari because of the small abundance of prey, but are larger where there is more prey. Lions are capable of catching a wide variety of prey. They will attempt to catch any animal.They have been known to kill anything from small rodents to elephants but they do usually kill large to medium size hoofed mammals. They may split up into smaller groups to roam free for a few days to weeks. The female lions are much faster than the males because the females hunt more than the males. After the females kill an animal for food the males get their share first because they defend the pride and their territory. A female li on has a pregnancy period of around one hundred and ten days and shortly before she is due to pause parenthood she will leave the pride and find a safe place where she can give return and raise the young cubs.Lions usually give birth to between one and six cubs, but usually they give birth to only two or three. The female remains away from the pride to encourage the cubs from danger until they are four to eight weeks old and until the larger cubs in the pride have been weaned so they are wash uping meat and wont be in competition against her baby cubs. The dark-brown Hyenas are a main predator in the Kalahari. They are nocturnal hunters, and will stay active for about lxxx percent of the night. They are often killed by lions and spotted hyenas. The Brown Hyenas are less aggressive than the spotted ones.Brown Hyenas has very strong and powerful depend legs and smaller back legs. Brown Hyenas have very good senses, they are able to smell a carcass from long distances, and are able to manoeuvre at high speeds for long distances to get to the carcass before other predators. As well as eating off carcasses, they will also eat fruit, insects, eggs, and will prey on small animals such as rodents, lizards and poultry They mark out territories as large as four hundred and eighty square kilometers. They are also a lot more rare than spotted hyenas.Unlike the Spotted Hyenas, Brown Hyenas will usually not try to take other predators kill. Brown Hyenas usually hunt for food by themselves and cover large distances. Brown Hyenas are sexually mature by three years. Brown Hyenas have pregnancy periods of about ninety-seven days. They give birth to between 1 and 4 babies and it is normally the dominant female that breeds, other females can give birth and use the same den. The young are kept in a den with a narrow entrance to try and prevent predators killing the cubs while the adults are away searching for food.All of the pack help out of the diet of the cubs by carry ing food back to the den for them. The members of the pack spend a lot of time at the den playing with the cubs, which helps them learn social behavior. Ungulates are animals that have four legs and that use the tips of their toes, usually hoofed, to hold their whole personify weight while moving. There are two types of ungulate animals, odd-toed ungulate and even-numbered ungulate. The odd-toed ungulate is an animal with hooves that have an odd number of toes. Some examples of a odd-toed ungulate include zebra, wild donkeys, rhinoceros.A even-numbered ungulate is an animal with hooves that have an even number of toes, which include aadvarks, hippopotamus, pigs, warthogs, giraffe, nyala, kudu, eland, antelopes, sheep, and goats. These animals feed on different types of plants and grasses for food. A predator is an animal that kills and grub another animal. The animal which is eaten is called the prey. Predator and prey evolve together because most of them live in the same habitat. The prey is part of the predators environment, and the predator dies if it does not get food, so it adapts to whatever is necessary in order to hunt down and kill the prey.The predator needs speed, stealth, camouflage, a good sense of smell, sight, and hearing. Predators may hunt actively for prey, or sit and wait for prey to approach within striking distance. The two main predators in the Kalahari would be the lions and the brown Hyenas. The introduction of fences and boring of bore-holes to make ground-water available, has made possible farming in the Kalahari, but this also holds the key to destruction. Extensive fencing began in Botswana in the fifties. Beef had became an important manufacture and the outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease arose.European countries refused to accept meat products from Botswana because of fear of contamination. Today, Botswana has more than eight hundred miles of cordon fences through the wilderness and construction of another seven hundred is unde r way. The fences were made to seperate the countrys population of livestock so it could be closed if a bad outbreak occurred. The fences have became a debate because veterinarians do not think its very effective. Veterinarians have said through different experiments foot-and-mouth disease had not been spread to domesticated livestock. Also, they said no one really knows how it is spread.

My Broter my executioner Essay

When Luis returned to Sipnget for vacation after being unable to visit for years because of studying and thusly now because of work he visited his grandfather and his mother, but originally he decided to go back to visit his ailing father, Don Vicente. He think to stay for weeks even for a month but consequently he suddenly changed his mind when he realized that the place had already changed a lot, his familiar is not at that place and to a greater extent over his mother and grand father has gone believing that his father and all the rich people should give up their wealth to the poor.He couldnt take it. And, similarly there was the Hukbalahap which is against the Japanese and the elites he couldnt take it anyto a greater extent. Before leaving showtime thing in the morning the next day he heard his father shout in surprise and when he ran to look after him he saw the window glass of his fathers room was broken and a stone wrapped in paper was on the floor, when his father pic ked it up and then read the message it says that he should give all he has to those who deserves it snap off the poor.Luis, stunned by what he saw was also wondering who did it. He kept thinking but only one suspect is fitted with the situation. Its his brother Victor who is very best at using flingsling was the best thing to use to throw a stone trough the mansions security. After that, Luis fled off back to manila and then there was a time that Victor came to him and asks for his supportjust the same as to the message his father got, back to Sipnget.What is the conflict of the story?Thus, the brothers had different personalities, beliefs, views and status in life. They met again as both friends and foes. These are their misunderstandings as brothers. Luis considers himself liberal. He is against the goals of his brother which is to put down his status as a wealthy landowner for the receipts of the poor.What is the climax of the story?He returned to order Rosales. He came home t ogether with Trining, his female cousin, who studies in the convent. In order for the Asperris to preserve their wealth, Luis married Trining. After sometime, she got pregnant. But in manila, Luis also had an affair with his managers daughter Ester which is also Trinings best friend. But because they quarreled one night, Ester disappeared and was ground out to be dead. He then found out from his mother that his half-brother Victor became the commander of Hukbalahap (hukbong bayan laban sa mga hapon) which is against rich people and feudal landowners.What is the resolution? At the end of the story, Vic warned them about the Huks. He told him to fall in the place. But they didnt listen. Trining got shot and died. Luis then revenged and fought for his status and for the death of his wife.VI.REACTION TO THE NOVELThis story is a must read for everyone for it elaborates on the political structures and some aspects of the Philippine history. It is also somewhat similar to Jose Rizals Noli me Tangere and el Filibusterismo. Reading it really requires full attention for them to be able to grasp the meaning ofthe story. Although the theme tackles more on political life of the rural people, readers can still be caught by romance in some chapters, particularly to Luis, and his affection for 2 women, Trining and Ester.When Trining died I felt sorry for both the main character and her. As said Luis took revenge for his status and his wife so that settles it because I definitely like to make my revenge if it was me. Good for Luis he is elite so he didnt feel so down and he had the power to do so. I was surprise to read the incest situation in the novel I couldnt bring myself to believe but the writer simply made it as if it was real. I drip thinking, are there many incest here in our country just to preserve their pure elite blood? I felt being more understanding to respect everyones choices for they have their own motives. My understanding of peoples motives has now b een clear to me that everything has a cause and that cause might be good or bad but still we follow what we believe because we are humans we can decide for our own.While reading I found some Filipino values depicted in the novel and they were the true love and respect of family members. Patience, dignity, disciplines and being responsiblethey were all shown with great passion. From what I now observe in our system as Filipinos we must keep deep understanding between the poor and the rich. Now we have this border that keeps our realness apart that sparks a revolution against each other. We must learn to understand, listen and share.VII.BIOGRAPHY OF THE AUTHORF. Sionil Jos or in full Francisco Sionil Jos (born December 3, 1924) is one of the most widely-read Filipino writers in the English language. His novels and short stories depict the social underpinnings of class struggles and colonialism in Filipino society. Joss works written in English have been translated into 22 languages , including Korean, Indonesian, Russian, Latvaian, Ukrainian, Dutch.ChildhoodJos was born in Rosales, Pangasinan, the setting of many of his stories. He spent his childhood in Barrio Cabugawan, Rosales, where he first began to write. Jose was of Ilocano descent whose family had migrated to Pangasinan before his birth. Fleeing poverty, his forefathers traveled from Ilocos towards Cagayan vale through the Santa Fe Trail. Like many migrant families, they brought their lifetime possessions with them, including uprooted molave posts of their old houses and their alsong, a stone mortar for pounding rice. Life as a writerJos attended the University of Santo Tomas after World War II, but dropped out and plunged into writing and journalism in Manila. In subsequent years, he edited various literary and journalistic publications, started a publishing house, and founded the Philippine branch of PEN, an international organization for writers. Jos received numerous awards for his work. The Preten ders is his most popular novel, which is the story of one mans alienation from his poor background and the decadence of his wifes wealthy family.Throughout his career, Joss writings espouse social justice and change to better the lives of average Filipino families. He is one of the most critically acclaimed Filipino authors internationally, although much underrated in his own country because of his authentic Filipino English and his anti-elite views. Sionil Jos also owns Solidaridad Bookshop, which is on Padre Faura Street in Ermita, Manila. The bookshop offers mostly hard-to-find books and Filipiniana reading materials. It is said to be one of the favorite haunts of many local writers. WorksRosales Saga novelsA five-novel series that spans three centuries of Philippine history, widely read around the world and translated into 22 languages * Po-on ( evenfall) (English, 1984)* The Pretenders (1962)* My Brother, My Executioner (1973)* Mass (December 31, 1974)* Tree (1978)Original nove ls containing the Rosales Saga* Dusk (Po-on) (1993)* Don Vicente (1980) Tree and My Brother, My Executioner combined in one book * The Samsons other(a) novels* Gagamba (The Spider Man) (1991)* Viajero (1993)* Sin (1994)* Ben Singkol (2001)* Ermita* Vibora (2007)* Sherds (2008)Short story collection* The God stealer and Other Short Stories (2001)* Puppy Love and Other Short Stories (March 15, 1998)* Olvidon and Other Stories (1988) * Platinum Ten Filipino Stories (1983) (now out of print, its stories are added to the new version of Olvidon and Other Stories) * Waywaya Eleven Filipino Short Stories (1980)* Asian PEN Anthology (as editor) (1966)* Short Story International (SSI) Tales by the Worlds Great Contemporary Writers (Unabridged, Volume 13, proceeds 75) (co-author, 1989) Childrens books The Molave and The Orchid (November 2004)Verses* Questions (1988)Essays and non-fiction* In Search of the Word (De La Salle University Press, March 15, 1998) * We Filipinos Our Moral Malaise, O ur Heroic Heritage* Soba, Senbei and Shibuya A Memoir of Post-War Japan* Heroes in the Attic, Termites in the Sala Why We are Poor (2005) * This I Believe Gleanings from a Life in Literature (2006) * Literature and Liberation (co-author) (1988)In translation* Po-on (Tagalog language, De La Salle University Press, 1998) * Anochecer (Littera) (Spanish language, Maeva, October 2003)In anthologies* Tong (a short story from Brown River, White Ocean An Anthology of Twentieth-Century Philippine Literature in English by Luis Francia, Rutgers University Press, August 1993 In film documentaries* Francisco Sionil Jos A Filipino Odyssey by Art Makosinski, 1996 Awards* Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Awards for Journalism, Literature and Creative Communication Arts (1980) * National Artist Award for Literature (2001)8* Pablo Neruda Centennial Award (2004)* Palanca Awards

Lindsey Weightman Electoral Process Conservative

Green party In groups, research the Political party you have selected local anesthetic Election Follow a 4 course of study cycle. non all councils vote at the same time. Councillors are elected by thirds for a period of 4 years (One council piece being elected per year for 3 years, and no Local election in 4th year). Who can balk for election? 21 years of progress or over. British, Commonwealth or Republic of Ireland Citizen. Must be nominated by at least 10 registered electors of that constituency. If representing a party, consent must be gained.If you are not representing a party, you are classed as Indep closeent. 500 deposit when registering, refundable if you receive 5% or more of the vote. A pris geniusr serving 12 months or more in custody can not stand for election. Just for Local An individual can stand if they are a outgrowth of a European Union farming aspect Selection ferment If standing as an Independent representative, there is no selection procedures. Existi ng mononuclear phagocyte system are usually approved to stand when being re-elected. Political parties generally have more representatives than position.Political parties vigorously select potential nominees to improve their chances of winning. The selection work at is similar to selection for the uniform Public Services. Sift of C. V, personal statement, application form and aptitude tests. Local interviews sometimes take place. Shortlists consisting of only women have been cognise to take place. What do you conceptualize about this? Period of an election Mayors typically keep their post for 1 year. Councillors up to 4 years. MPs up to 5 years. later these periods, they must either stand lot or be re-elected.Types of voting Polling office, usually a church hall, school or a community centre. start-offly last(prenominal) the post- an individual steps in to a booth and casts their vote anonymously by making an X next to the candidate they wish to vote for. postal voting. Vo ting by Proxy. Internet voting. In order to be a DEMOCRATIC society, the representatives who serve on our behalf both Locally and Nationally must be elected by the people of the Nation. command Election Maximum term for a parliament is 5 years, 3 weeks. Tends to occur every 3. 5- 5 years. The apex Minister decides when the election will be.Local and General 1-5 years depending on the position held The party in power at the time decides when the election is to be held. (Within a 5 year period). Party in power has the chance to change things just prior to the election- generally things like lowering taxes. Why would they do that? ranking(a) funding for larger parties such as Labour and Conservative. Independents and smaller parties are at a disadvantage. Influence of Political parties Political campaigning line of work farm a Political Poster for your party (Chosen at the start of the session) different ways of campaigning Tv Radio Newspapers PostersPersonal interviews Public me etings Leaflet distribution first gear Past the Post (Westminster and Local Elections) Additional Member System (Scottish Parliament, rip off Assembly and Greater London Assembly) Supplementary voting (Mayor of London) Single Transferable Vote (Northern Irish Assembly) List System (European Parliament) Different election processes Basis of British electoral system Very clear cut and well defined Candidate with highest number of votes wins FPTP is used in both general and local elections source past the post Advantages of First past the post It allows decisive political change.By providing an out well(p) winner, the system ensures that a party has a mandate to conceive out its programme. Easy for the voter to understand. Strong links between MP and constituents, due to sensation member constituencies. Strong single party governments. The winning Party may not have won the overall legal age of votes cast. The chance of anomalous results is increased. Encourages the tactical vo ting technique, known as compromising. Disadvantages of Firstpast the Post Voters must rank candidates on the ballot paper in order of preference If a candidate receives 50% or more of the first preferences, they are elected If not then the candidate with the lowest number of first choices is eliminated and their second choices distributed to other This continues until one candidate has a clear majority The Alternative vote Ensures the winner has a majority Strong bond between candidates and constituents is maintainedRemoves issue of wasted votes peak left or right wing parties would be unlikely to get enough support to be elected Does not give parties proportion of lay there votes have make Time consuming and more complex than FPTP. This is a system which tries to match the proportion of votes cast with the proportion of seats a party receives For example, under PR, if you authorized 35% of the vote you should get 35% of the seats in parliament Represents wishes of voters as a whole Minority parties end up with fairer share of seats Increases opportunities for independents Can be difficult if no party has clear majorityCan lead to unstable coalition governments Proportional representation task 2 As a member of the coalition government you have been tasked by the Cabinet to look at the various electoral processes available later on Liberal Democrat election promises to better the voting system in the UK. The leaflet will then be distributed to the general public. This is a highly polemical subject as Conservatives promised not to emend the voting system whilst Liberal Democrats vowed to make the system fairer. As such your leaflet needs to be as descriptive and in depth as possible so that the public can form their own opinion on which voting system they prefer. In the form of a leaflet you should Explain electoral processes used in UK elections (P3) andCompare the electoral processes used at different levels of government in the UK (M2). GUIDELINES F OR ASSESSMENT TASK 2 When explaining the electoral process for P3, learners only need to admit one election process and ensure that they clearly identify to which level of government it relates. The interpretation should be detailed in its content and will be expected to identify the complete process from the initial application to stand for election to the declaration of the vote, including the voting system that is used. Evidence for M2 must include a analogy of the election process for the elected representatives for at least two levels of government.Lindsey Weightman Electoral Process ConservativeGreen Party In groups, research the Political party you have selected Local Election Follow a 4 year cycle. Not all councils vote at the same time. Councillors are elected by thirds for a period of 4 years (One councillor being elected per year for 3 years, and no Local election in 4th year). Who can stand for election? 21 years of age or over. British, Commonwealth or Republic of I reland Citizen. Must be nominated by at least 10 registered electors of that constituency. If representing a party, consent must be gained. If you are not representing a party, you are classed as Independent. 500 deposit when registering, refundable if you receive 5% or more of the vote. A prisoner serving 12 months or more in custody can not stand for election.Just for LocalAn individual can stand if they are a member of a European Union Nation Candidate Selection Process If standing as an Independent representative, there is no selection procedures. Existing MPs are usually approved to stand when being re-elected. Political parties generally have more representatives than seats. Political parties vigorously select potential candidates to improve their chances of winning. The selection process is similar to selection for the Uniformed Public Services. Sift of C.V, personal statement, application form and aptitude tests. Local interviews sometimes take place. Shortlists consisting o f only women have been known to take place. What do you think about this? Period of an election Mayors typically keep their post for 1 year. Councillors up to 4 years. MPs up to 5 years.After these periods, they must either stand down or be re-elected. Types of voting Polling office, usually a church hall, school or a community centre. First past the post- an individual steps in to a booth and casts their vote anonymously by making an X next to the candidate they wish to vote for. Postal voting. Voting by Proxy. Internet voting. In order to be a DEMOCRATIC society, the representatives who serve on our behalf both Locally and Nationally must be elected by the people of the Nation. General Election Maximum term for a parliament is 5 years, 3 weeks. Tends to occur every 3.5- 5 years. The Prime Minister decides when the election will be. Local and General 1-5 years depending on the position held The party in power at the time decides when the election is to be held. (Within a 5 year per iod).Party in power has the chance to change things just prior to the election- generally things like lowering taxes. Why would they do that?Superior funding for larger parties such as Labour and Conservative.Independents and smaller parties are at a disadvantage. Influence of Political parties Political campaigning TASKCreate a Political Poster for your party(Chosen at the start of the session) Other ways of campaigning Tv Radio Newspapers Posters Personal interviews Public meetingsLeaflet distribution First Past the Post (Westminster and Local Elections) Additional Member System (Scottish Parliament, Welsh Assembly and Greater London Assembly) Supplementary Vote (Mayor of London) Single Transferable Vote (Northern Irish Assembly) List System (European Parliament) Different election processes Basis of British electoral system Very clear cut and well defined Candidate with highest number of votes wins FPTP is used in both general and local elections First past the post Advantages of First past the post It allows decisive political change. By providing an outright winner, the system ensures that a party has a mandate to carry out its programme. Easy for the voter to understand. Strong links between MP and constituents, due to single member constituencies. Strong single party governments. The winning Party may not have won the overall majority of votes cast. The chance of anomalous results is increased. Encourages the tactical voting technique, known as compromising.Disadvantages of Firstpast the Post Voters must rank candidates on the ballot paper in order of preference If a candidate receives 50% or more of the first preferences, they are elected If not then the candidate with the lowest number of first choices is eliminated and their second choices distributed to other This continues until one candidate has a clear majority The Alternative vote Ensures the winner has a majority Strong bond between candidates and constituents is maintained Removes issue of was ted votes Extreme left or right wing parties would be unlikely to get enough support to be elected Does not give parties proportion of seats there votes have earned Time consuming and more complex than FPTP.This is a system which tries to match the proportion of votes cast with the proportion of seats a party receives For example, under PR, if you received 35% of the vote you should get 35% of the seats in parliament Represents wishes of voters as a whole Minority parties end up with fairer share of seats Increases opportunities for independentsCan be difficult if no party has clear majorityCan lead to unstable coalition governments Proportional representation TASK 2 As a member of the coalition government you have been tasked by the Cabinet to look at the various electoral processes available after Liberal Democrat election promises to reform the voting system in the UK. The leaflet will then be distributed to the general public. This is a highly controversial subject as Conservati ves promised not to reform the voting system whilst Liberal Democrats vowed to make the system fairer. As such your leaflet needs to be as descriptive and in depth as possible so that the public can form their own opinion on which voting system they prefer.In the form of a leaflet you shouldExplain electoral processes used in UK elections (P3) andCompare the electoral processes used at different levels of government in the UK (M2).GUIDELINES FOR ASSESSMENT TASK 2When explaining the electoral process for P3, learners only need to include one election process and ensure that they clearly identify to which level of government it relates. The explanation should be detailed in its content and will be expected to identify the complete process from the initial application to stand for election to the declaration of the vote, including the voting system that is used.Evidence for M2 must include a comparison of the election process for the elected representatives for at least two levels of g overnment.