The Effect of Concentration on the Rate of Reaction :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

The effect of concentration on the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate and dilute hydrochloric acid This investigation is about rates of reaction and what affects them. In this case I am going to look at hydrochloric acid and sodium thiosulphate which is a precipitation reaction causing the solution to go 'cloudy'. They react as in the equations below: sodium thiosulphate + hydrochloric acid -> sodium chloride + sulphur + sulphur dioxide + water Na2S2O3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) -> 2NaCl(aq) + S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l) A reaction will only occur where the particles of the reactants meet and combine. This is called the collision theory. For a reaction to occur particles have to collide with each other. Only a small percent result in a reaction. This is due to the energy barrier to overcome. Only particles with enough energy to overcome the barrier will react after colliding. The minimum energy that a particle must have to overcome the barrier is called the activation energy, or Ea. The size of this activation energy is different for different reactions. If the frequency of collisions is increased the rate of reaction will increase. However the percent of successful collisions remains the same. An increase in the rate of reaction can be achieved by increasing the frequency of collisions. Therefore to increase the rate of reaction it is necessary to cause more particles to collide harder and collide more often. There are several ways to do this and these make up the factors for this experiment. They are listed below along with predictions as to their affect on the reaction. Possible Factors To make sure I carry out a fair test I will only change the concentration of sodium thiosulphate. I will keep the following factors the same. Increasing the pressure. By reducing the volume in which the same amount of particles exist the pressure is increased. Once the same number of particles are in a smaller area there is less space in which to move and so the particles are more likely to hit each other. It is therefore possible to predict that increasing the pressure will result in an increase in the rate of reaction. I will not test this variable because we don't have the facilities to test it. However pressure is a continuous variable. Catalyst. A catalyst is a separate substance that speeds up a reaction. After the reaction has happened it gets left behind. This makes this variable unsuitable for the type of experiment I am going to do. Temperature. By giving the particles extra energy they will move faster. This means that they cover more ground and are therefore more

Water Spouts

Water spouts are another type of tornado. A water spout is a tornado that hoovers over land and is formed by strong pull of water forming the tornado's funnel and high wind speeds around it. Water spouts can form in two different ways. During normal weather when water temperatures are high and the air is very humid is typically when water spouts can form at sea level. The second way a water spout can form is like a regular tornado, it will form from a cloud and descend down but will touch water's surface. It is not as common for a water spout to form from a cloud, but when they do, they are typically more destructive than a water spout forming at sea level. When a water spout is formed from a cloud they are so destructive that they are able to pull fish from the water into the tornado and release them back out when the fish reach the top of the water spouts. A person would need to be far above the water level, such as in a plane or on a mountain, to see the first sign of a waterspout. It starts as a dark spot forming on the ocean. The second phase still could not be seen from a ship, but could perhaps could be felt as the wind shifts and speeds up. If a person on a boat happened to look up at the cloud above when sensing the change in the wind, that person might notice a funnel forming in the clouds even though the vortex on the water’s surface is not clearly visible. As the winds increases, the spray is visible from the vortex on the ocean surface. When a waterspout is fully matured, anyone with eyes to see can watch the funnel reach from the cloud to dip and twist into the water. They also hiss and suck at the water instead of the rumbling growl of a twister on land. Waterspouts can also form over lakes or rivers, but are most commonly seen over the ocean. They suck up the water in their path, billowing a water spray like a mushroom cloud against the water surface. Waterspouts can range in size from several feet to more than a mile high, and their width can vary from a few feet to hundreds of feet. It is not uncommon to see more than one water-twister at a time. Some ships have reported seeing as many as 30 waterspouts in a single day.

The Risk Management Operations - 2758 Words

In the risk management operations, some firms do not consider that the data breaches as not so important even though it causes the cost and frequency breaches. The probability of an information break in the current business scene has expanded in the course of the last few years, with organizations of all sizes experiencing these sorts of security and oversight issues. Aftermath from an inner burglary or digital assault can be sweeping in the venture environment, yet over the long haul, the cost of these attacks is expanding. For firms that don’t take the perfect measure of time or put enough exertion into their information break Security, such a debacle could be much more disastrous. Regardless of these dangers, numerous organizations stay in unstable positions with respect to their security and oversight conventions. Agreeing to business pioneers feel there s a need to protect themselves against dangers inside and outside the association, yet those beneath such positions aren t as worried about these issues. The firm as of late directed a study that confirmed more than three-fourths of big business administrators are stressed over halting invasions and their capacity to do in this way, while just 45 percent of base faculty impart these concerns. An alternate issue connected with this absence of lower-level work force sympathy toward information rupture security is the way that the scale of digital assaults is developing. Indeed in little business situations, theShow MoreRelatedReview Of Operation Eagle Claw And The Risk Management Process1500 Words   |  6 Pagespolitical future. As we review Operation Eagle Claw and the risk management process, we uncover several major problems that arose before and during the operation. 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