Human Bioscience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Human Bioscience - Essay ExampleGas exchange occurs in the alveoli. There are near 300 million alveoli running to about 160m2 area. Lungs expand when there is increase in the volume of thoracic cavity. During inspiration, there is contraction of the external intercostal muscles which fig up the ribs up and out and there is contraction of the diaphragm which draws the ribs down. During expiration, these processes are reversed. The elastic recoil of the lungs makes them to come back to their resting volume. At rest, a normal adult pitying being breathes about 15- 18 times exchanging 500ml of air each time.To diagnose a patient as having inveterate bronchitis, the patient must suffer from inveterate cough for atleast 3 months in one year for 2 consecutive years. The cough is accompanied by sputum expectoration, but there is no other(a) cause for sputum production. There is enlargement of the mucus glands in the lungs, inflammation of the airways and thickening of the bronchial walls . Because of these pathological changes, there is loss of supporting alveolar attachments stellar(a) to deformity of the airway walls, which inturn results in narrowing of the airway lumen and decrease of airflow through it (Sharma, 2006)In emphysema, the alveoli are enlarged abnormally and permanently. There is in addition destruction of the alveolar walls and loss of elastic recoil. There are 3 types of emphysema centriacinar emphysema, panacinar emphysema, and distal acinar emphysema or paraseptal emphysema (Sharma and Graham, 2005). Patients with emphysema typically suffer from breathing difficulty.The most common cause of COPD is smoking in the form of cigarette smoking or exposure to tobacco smoke either due to passive smoking or environmental tobacco smoke. Other causes include air pollution, airway hyperresponsiveness and alpha1- antitrypsin deficiency.COPD can occur either due to chronic bronchitis or

Fiscal and Monetary Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Fiscal and M integritytary Policy - Essay ExampleFrom the study it is clear thatin the United States, moreover, the existing authority to the Federal Reserve Board emanating from Congress is for the former to promulgate fiscal policy decisions that will push employment numbers to the maximum as wholesome as achieve stability in prices of goods and services.As the paper highlightsseparate from this general two-component mandate, however, the US Central Bank has autonomy with regard to the operational aspects of achieving those mandates, and that means that the US Federal Reserve Board has the independence to chart financial policy without intervention from the US Congress. In contrast, when one talks about fiscal policy, one talks about things that relate to the way government raises revenues through taxation, in order to finance its activities in terms of government expenditures.As the name implies monetary policy refers to the policy, as controlled bank, pertaining to the amount of money in circulation in the economy. The mechanisms of control of the monetary supply, or the effecting of monetary policy include tweaking interest rates for loans, as well as tweaking monetary reserve requirements for banks. The end result is that the central bank can calibrate the amount of money n circulation by exacting these monetary policy levers.In times of recession, mostly, the central bank will try to lower interest rates to spur borrowing and also slacken controls on money to increase the overall supply of money in the economy.

GLOBAL HEALTH CARE PAPER & PRESENTATION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

GLOBAL HEALTH CARE PAPER & PRESENTATION - judge ExampleBy then, these efforts helped China achieve better results than those countries that they share the same level of economic development. One of the most remarkable wellness business reforms is patient-centered, which was introduced in 1997 the same reform agenda has formed the basis for hospital management reforms that have been introduced in China from 2005. This patient-centered approach has been promoted by improving the relationship between the doctor and the patient. Although the health care reforms in China have seen many positive results, it has also resulted to some negative impacts, which has threatened the countrys safe health programs. Even the recent introduction of limited health amends for preventative services and charges for immunization has not helped salvage the situation. The mvirtuosoy that has been gotten from these schemes have prove insufficient to finance a preventative program, which currently uses 15 percent of the Ministry of Public Healths resources and barely 2 percent of the total health costs (Hillier & Shen, 2012). The main reason for introduction of reforms in Chinas health care dodging was to relieve the government of some health care burden, which could be achieved by encouraging hospitals to make enough income to sustain their budgets. In this arrangement, the hospital fee is paid by labor insurance or the patients themselves through a straight fee-for-service program. The hospitals have, therefore, been forced to raise their prices in order to cover their charges and costs. In addition, the volume of healthcare services increased in the 1980s when the insurance increased their spending by 16 percent (Hillier & Shen, 2012). The health care in China has become provider-led due to the self-financing system by the hospitals. This system has some(prenominal) shortcomings, including high cost of drugs and polypharmacy, longer in-patient waits for those who have an insur ance cover, and inapt application of costly technology. The other major challenge of Chinese health care system is the inequalities that is introduced as a result of the reduced investment in township hospitals and the disintegration of rural health cooperatives. However, this system encourages CT scans such as the one belonging to those who have taken insurance cover for their health. In addition, this system ensures a detailed payment that encourages antibiotic injections, and infusion of intravenous vitamin among other forms of treatments (Hillier & Shen, 2012). discriminate & contrast Chinas health system with the American System before & after the implementation of the Affordable Health Care Act. In a bid to make healthcare affordable to the poor, who makes eighty percent of its population, China has made efforts to give them basic health facilities through a national dodging even before the introduction of affordability policy. Unlike in the U.S., in China the accessibility of affordable healthcare has been regarded as an essential human right and therefrom should be availed to the whole society. This shows that the Chinese healthcare is more equal than that of the U.S. especially considering that the cost of treatment is less than that of the U.S., although the GDP of America is larger than that of China by a large margin, China has experienced a greater growth in the rate of

Opininated Response to Peer Commnts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Opininated Response to Peer Commnts - Essay ExampleI agree with you that when companies gull the mistake of ignoring renewal it diminishes the overall success of the business. It is imperative for companies to provide training to its supervisors and managers so they are able to properly manage a diverse workforce. The HR department is responsible for providing training and development opportunities to its workers. Small firms that do not have an HR department should hire a consulting firm to provide diversity training.In your response you mentioned that companies today have to deal with a multicultural workforce more than forever before. More organizational leaders are hard to overcome the challenges of managing a multicultural workforce so that they can reap the benefits (Kokemuller, 2012). I think that one of the reasons that diversity is a greater reality than ever before is due to the globalization movement. There are thousands of multinational corporations that do business i n different parts of the world. These companies often recruit workers from outside the fall in States due to the shortage of professionals in many technical fields. It is important for managers to learn about other cultures in order to be able to effectively remind the employees. The goals and values of the organization must be aligned with the mission and vision of the company (Ehow, 2012). The United States since it was founded has always been a country with a diverse population. A manager that is not well educated in cultural matters cannot perform his managerial duties properly. I agree with you that many companies often rush through multicultural training.Kokemuller, N. (2012). Advantages and Disadvantages of a Multicultural Workforce. Retrived October 24, 2012 from

Joshua Bearmans story Art of the Steal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Joshua Bearmans story Art of the Steal - Essay ExampleThis paper illustrates that Gerald Blanchard always prepared to make his burglarise by investigating flaws in the security system akin to an individuals identification of dry leaves on a tree. Effectively, proper planning and a thorough investigation always ensured Geralds fall awaying activities were an enormous success. It is pertinent to note that, Gerald started his exploits at a young age. In this regard, he had managed to become a local criminal mastermind in his neighborhood while in high school. The story Art of the Steal elucidates the escalation of his sophistication based on his depth in technology formed over time from an early age. Thus, the story gives his exploits from parachuting in, changing jewels secured by a weighted alarm, and many more matter to stories including well-organized accomplishaways. On the other hand, his flaunty nature was a contrast to a mastermind of some of the most sophisticated crimes committed. Eventually, this behavior eventually led to a mistake that led to his arrest and consequent sentencing whereby he served a jail term. Despite the book being about acts that are criminal in nature, thither are many positive lessons that individuals can draw from Geralds epic tales and apply them in life. First, good cognitive skills are one of the factors that contributed to Geralds success during his exploits regardless of the security mechanisms in the places he targeted. Cognitive skills are crucial in our daily lives to make the decisions. For example, Gerald parachuted onto the roof of the Vienesse Castle on his way to steal the Sisi Star. During the tour of the castle, Gerald realized that There was an armed guard stationed at every entrance and patrolling the halls but the roof was unguarded. In this case, it would take an individual with a good perception, quick learning, and reasoning to formulate the only easy way to get into the castle. Evidently, Gerald had the se important skills since he figured out the easy way to get into the building and carry out the heist was through parachuting onto the unguarded roof of the castle.

Issues In Policing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Issues In Policing - Essay ExampleThe justice department issues a directive that the so called bad apple syndrome whereby we inculpation the problems plaguing the police force on a few bad elements is misguided. live with decrees require that police are held accountable for their actions whether they are at work or anywhere else. They can also be referred to as settlement agreements, consent judgments or stipulated agreements.A consent decree originates from an order given by a judge, which expresses a voluntary agreement by all the individuals involved in a lawsuit or case. take over decrees arise when the participating parties want to annul a court psychometric test. Court trials can be long, tiresome and expensive, however, consent decrees are issued because of their ability to obtain results are similar to a court trial (The United States Department of Justice, 2014). Consent decrees can also arise due to the following reasons. There are no financial costs incurred (legal fe es) because both parties antedate a trial. A trial is unpredictable, and both parties try to avoid the uncertainties surrounding a court trial. It is good because the necessity of proof and guilt is not required. Consent decrees are mostly favored because the parties involved have control over the remedial plan. They allow both parties to decide on how best to remedy their issues. Consent decrees allow them to implement their agreements voluntarily rather than by force, and since they hold the same outcome as a court trial, any disregard for the decree is seen more(prenominal) as a violation of the law. It is because the parties involved are bound by the consent decree.A pattern of practice refers to a lawsuit. It is whereby a plaintiff attempts to set up that the accused individual(s) or defendants have systematically engaged in prejudiced activities. The plaintiff must provide proof to show that the defendants bearing forms a pattern within the routine practices (Pallitto & We aver, 2007). Discriminatory activities

Donald trump Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Donald trump - Essay ExampleA prominent and successful figure who exemplified success in entrepreneurship is Donald Trump. Tarkovsky (2007) identified the confidential which made Donald Trump a billionaire land. As Donald Trump said I just love real estate. Its tangible, its solid, and its beautiful. In addition, in an article written by Christine (2008) on Donald Trumps Mantras for Successful Entrepreneurship, she averred that Mr. Trumps golden traits of entrepreneurship are(1) Be passionate about your work. Mr. Trump summarizes passion as fervor on a big scale and it is the most essential ingredient for a successful career (2) Be Confident about your decisions. Never quantity back after taking a decision and dont give up until every possibility of success have been explored (3) Think voluminous to make big achievements. Although it is believed that one should take small steps initially when starting a new project but Mr. Trump strongly believes, mentation big tummy get you to the top, He always urge people on taking big and bold decisions (4) Your learning process should never grow to an end. No matter how successful you become, never think you have learnt everything. Despite his packed schedule, Mr. Trump reads everything he can and strives to get information he can use from everyone he meets (5) Taking risks. Business is all about taking risks so hold your breath and always be ready to face difficulties. closely of the people do not make new experiments because they fear failure but Mr. Trump describes it as the perfect formula for being unsuccessful (6) gain to negotiate. To stay connected with people, you have to negotiate and make compromises at times (7) Enjoy competition. Mostly people are scared from competition without realizing that it helps improve our movement and achieve more success. Mr. Trump says I love competition because, ultimately, it makes me

Qatar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Qatar - Essay ExampleQatar is a little peninsula that is on the western shore of the Arabian disconnectedness and it covers approximately 4,247 square miles (6,286 square kilometers). Qatar is just 160 kilometers north into the Iranian Gulf from Saudi Arabia. It is located between latitudes 24 and 27 N, and longitudes 50 and 52 E. Qatar mostly consist of low and barren plain that is covered with sand. To the southeast lies the Khor al Adaid (Inland Sea), which is a region of rolling sand dunes surround Persian Gulfs inlet? The landmass creates a rectangle that is described by the local folklore as resembling right hands palm that is all-embracing in a prayer. The neighboring nations include Iran to the northeast. Bahrain to the northwest, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates to the south. Both Qatar and Bahrain claim the Hawar Islands located west of Qatar and it is uninhabited. Just recently, only few semi-permanent seasonal encampments lay down been found in the interior de sert. Resources of water that are near the coast together with opportunities for pearl diving, fishing, and seagoing trade take on facilitated larger, and additional permanent settlements. The patterns of these settlements have contributed to the social differences between Hadar and Bedouin.Qatars climate can be described as subtropical dry, hot desert climate that has low annual rainfall. During the spend the temperatures are passing high and there is a big difference between maximum and minimum temperatures, more so in the inland areas. The Persian Gulf slightly influences the coastal areas and have lower maximum, however, it has higher minimum temperatures and the moisture percentage in the air are higher. Summer June September is extremely hot with low rainfall. Daily maximum temperatures are able to easily reach 40C or more. Winter is cooler with irregular rainfall.

Why Abortion is Immoral Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Why Abortion is Immoral - Essay ExampleMarquiss objective in his essay An contestation that Abortion Is Wrong is to show that the ending of a pregnancy before birth is a crucial breach of ethics. The former supports the prohibition of miscarriage since it counters accredited aspects of life ethically. He trusts that a fetus is an existing creation and has the right to live. In the thesis, the writer says that the right to life overrides that of self-body control thus abortion is wrong. The hold also shows that human beings try to exclude fetuses as living beings, but gain Marquis criticizes that point by describing a fetus as being living within another organism. The author also attacks pro-choices belief that only people have the privilege to live by pointing knocked out(p) that there is no means to confirm that a fetus is not a person. However, he agrees that in particular heap abortion is valid. According to Don Marquis, abortion is morally legal in cases such as when the pregnancy endangers the life of the mother, it is fourteen days and below after conception or rape. Generally, the authors persuasive argument lies in the fact that the act of abortion is wrong since it involves killing a human being just like every other.Based on traditional, ethical and religious laws in conjunction with the law of nature, every living being has a right to life. For that reason, I believe that an abortion is a wrong thing to do, especially to an innocent person. I agree with Don Marquiss notion that abortion is an immoral act unless the circumstances revolving around the pregnancy counter other moral aspects.Ethical theories dictate that people have a social responsibility to look after incapacitated human beings. An incapacitated person refers to an individual who lacks the ability to live normally or do ordinary things since they lack certain cognitive aspects.

Financial Management Questions Essay Example for Free

Financial Management Questions EssayQuestion 1 Medwig corporation has a DSO of 17 days. The company averages $3500 in credit sales each day. What is the companys average accounts receivable? Answer / stemAccounts Receivable = Days Sales Outstanding * (Sales / Days) = 17 * (3500/1) = $59,500Question 2Discuss some of the techniques available to reduce take a chance exposures? Answer Insurance is whizz of the simplest and most available ways to reduce exposure to risk. It involves the murder of risk to another company. Depending on the amount and nature of the risk involved, risk retention by self-insurance might not be a practical option, especially if the cost of transferring the risk (insurance premiums) is reasonable enough to not add significant costs. Risk transfer is not done always through insurance, however.Outsourcing some operations to a company who agrees to take on the risk involved is another type of risk reduction. Some tasks are best suited for specialized companies, and large organizations might outsource such activities as customer support, software development and internal security. first derivative hedging is also an option, depending on the nature of the company. Futures contracts, for example, reduce the risk of price fluctuations in a particular commodity, and are very useful to transfer it to a speculator. A company producing commodities would benefit from this type of hedge. Aside from transferring risks, a company might try to reduce risk by reducing the inherent subject of the risk. Instead of hiring a single custodian for cash transfers, a company might hire another one to reduce the risk of employee theft. The last order is to avoid the risk completely. This will completely circumvent possible losses, but it also precludes any possible gains from taking on the risk.

Life Is Easier Essay Example for Free

Life Is Easier EssayLiving straightaway is more comfortable and easier than when your grandparents were children. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. Recently, my grandparents often regress how difficult their lives were when they were young, claiming that my generation has much easier lives than they had. I agree with them. In fact, life today is much more comfortable and easier than it was in my grandparents youth for some reasons. First, technology has made newfangled-day life much more comfortable than in the past. During my grandparents time, life was rough and hard because all the work was done without any modern tool, so they had to do their laundry by hand, walked from one place to another by feet. Furthermore, there was limited in entertainment choices in the past. They could at best(p) listen to the radio or perhaps watch a black-and-white movie for pleasure. Today, however, living has become a lot easier thanks to technological developments. We dampen our clothes with washing machine, uses buses, subways, or cars to move around.We also enjoy home theater systems, DVDs, and video games. Technology has definitely improved our lives. In addition, people today have more leisure time than they did before. People no longer have to work very long hours like my grandparents did. Since my grandparents were farmers, they had to work in the sift field all day long even without resting on weekends. In contrast, many people today, including my parents, simply work from nine to five on weekdays and direct weekends off.They therefore have much free time than my grandparents did, so they can spend more time on leisure activities. They go to the movies, go to the gym, or take trips. All these activities have positive affect on their quality of living. In conclusion, people today have more comfortable and easier lives than in the past. This is the results of technological developments and the extra leisure time available. These facto rs will make our live even more comfortable in the future.

Apologia Marine Essay Example for Free

Apologia Marine Essay1. Definitionsa. Metabolism- The process by whichc a living organism takes energy from its meets and uses it to sustain itself, break dance and grow.b. Photosynthesis-the process by which an organism uses the energy from the sun to produce its bear foodc. Autotrophs- organisms that are able to produce their own foodd. Heterotrophs- organisms that cannot make their own food and must obtain it from other organismse. respiration the process by which food is converted into usable energy for life functionsf. homeostasis the tendency of living organisms to experience or regulate changes in their internal milieug. diffusion the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentrationh. osmosis the diffusion of piddle across a selectively permeable membranei. osmoconformer and organisms that allows its internal concentration of salts to change in order to match the external concentration of salts in the surrounding waterj. Osmo regulator an organism that regulates its internal concentration of saltsk. Poikilotherm- an organism whose body temperature changes with its surrounding environmentl. ectotherm an organism whose body temperature is controlled by its surrounding environmentm. homeotherm- an animal that maintains a controlled internal body temperature using its own warmheartednessing and cooling of mechanismsn. Endotherm- an animal whose internal body temperature is a result of internal sources of heato. a sexual reproduction reproduction accomplished by a single organismp. sexual reproduction reproduction that involves the union of gametes from two organisms a male and a female q. binomial nomenclature identifying an organism by a genus and species name2. carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids3. oxygen levels would be lower at night than during the day4. no, they must feed on extra material made by photos synthesizing plants5. no, both groups containing organisms like that6. popula tion7. water will travel through osmosis to the exterior8. the body fluids would change. There would be more concentration ofdissolved substances in the body9. no. They could have warm blood if their environment is warm10. yes11. no12. the plant from the cutting13. the cell with 24 chromosomes14. the cell with 12 chromosomes15. yes

History of Atomic Theory

History of Atomic TheoryThe hintic possible action is developed since 2000 years ago the Greek philosopher Democritus proposed that there was a limit to how sm every one could be divide matter, this smallest matter indivisible particle was called mote. However this atomic theory of Democritus was criticized by Aristotle who proposed a influence based on four basic elements of earth, air, fire and water.Aristotles view held for the next 2000 years as it better suited ghostlike beliefs of the time. In 1801, an English teacher named John Dalton proposed his atomic theory which stated matter is composed of all small indivisible atoms, elements contain one font of atom different elements contain different atoms, compounds contain more than one type of atom. In 1904, British physicist J.J Thomson and others demonstrated that cathode rays (electrons) were present in all matter.Thomson proposed that the atom was a sphere of positive charge in which embedded were rings of negative charg es (electrons) , like plums in a pudding. Lather on, in 19 century, the discoveries of radiotherapy leads to a new progress of Physics. We knew that certain elements emitting radiation, this suggested that atoms be no longer indivisible and non indestructible, as proposed in Daltons atomic simulation.Radiation provides an valuable gumshoe for the study of matter. In 1911, Rutherford first suggested the use of alpha particles to probe the internal structure of the atom. Finally, the nucleus and its protons were discovered.Rutherfords scattering experimentErnest Rutherford, directed an experiment to Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden in 1909, in which the newly discovered alpha particles (Helium nuclei) were fired at a thin gold foil layer which only a few atom thick. At that time the atom was thought to be analogous plum pudding by Thomson with a negative charge (the plum) throughout the positive sphere (the pudding). just about of the alpha particle passed through with no or only very small deflections in a vacuum (see figure), as would been excepted on the Thomson seat of the atom current at the time. About 1 in 8000 was deflected through angles greater than 90 degree. The result was so unexpected that Rutherford was very unexpected that Rutherford was promoted to write.it was near incredible as if you fired a 15 inch shell at a piece of tissue and it came back and hit you.Therefore Rutherford reason that majority of the mass of the atom was concentrated in the nucleus. The small coat of the nucleus explained the small number of the alpha particles that were repelled each other in this way. Rutherford showed that the size of the nucleus was less than about 10 -14m.Bohrs model, how it fit experimental observationAccelerated electrons emitted and lose verve which predicted by Predicted by Maxwell and confirmed by Hertz, however the electron doesnt spin into the nucleus because of vigor losing.Later on, In 1903.H.G.J Morseley found simple, regular relatio nship between the frequencies of X-ray emission crimp, thus it provided an manifest to support Bohrs model. Scientist began to work on an alternating model to replace it.Bohrs postulatesIn 1913 the Danish physicist Niels Bohr (18851992), put forward some radical propositions to account for the discrepancies between Rutherfords model of the atom and the available experimental evidence. Bohrs postulates are1. Electron can remove in certain allowed orbitsstationary states ( vitality) without radiating energy.2.when an electron falls from a higher energy level to a lower energy level, it emits energy that is quantised by the plank relationship E2 E 1= hf.3. Augular momentum (mvr) is quantised and can only take determine of the nh / 2 when n is the principal quantum number.The first postulate account for the stability of the atom. However why the these stationary state excited was unknown. They exist was a fact.The arcminute postulate explains the line emission spectra. Emission (or absorption) of Energy is discontinuous and corresponds to a transition between two stationary states. Since the energy can be quantized, the emission, the oftenness of the emitted (or passed) radiation is predetermined. A transition between different states will lead to difference frequencies or colours.The third postulate effectively sets limits on the radius of the allowed orbits.Bohrs modelBohr realised that if his model was correct, each atom would have a apparitional fingerprint to the differences between electron energy level in that atom. The Rydberg equating which also known as Balmer equation, has given him evidence for the quantised emission of the energy from hydrogen atom, leading him to going on to further his model and define his postulate.So the hydrogen spectrum was very significant to the development of Bohrs model of the atom, because without the netherstanding of it, Bohr may not continue his work of the model.Produced and observable when hydrogen gas was excite d by the addition of energy. The equation in the original form was modified by Rhydberg until it worked and could be applied to explain the spectrum of hydrogen by using integer determine of n, only as suggested by Bohr in his postulates.Quantum number and quantum changesIts possible to determine the energy of each orbit using Bohrs model and from this construct an energy level Figure for hydrogen. The figure below shows the energy these energy levels. Alternatively a transition between stationary states can be show in figure. B. The Balmer series of lines occurs when the electrons fall to the n=2 level from n=2 level n=3,4,5 and 6 levels. This is illustrated differently in figure. B.How Bohr describes the hydrogen spectraBohrs model of the atom cluster quite similar to that of Rutherfords with two important differences firstly, it assisted positions to the electrons, but secondly the electron energy level s were quantised.This was radically new, the idea that electrons had energ y states and could absorb and emit energy to change states, and had no evidence. Bohr realised that if his model was correct, each atom would have a spectral fingerprint to the differences between electron energy level in that atom.The Rydberg equation provided him evidence for the quantised emission of the energy from hydrogen atom. It leads him to going on to further his model and defines his postulate. So the hydrogen spectrum was important to the development of Bohrs model of the atom.The energy levels describe by Bohr is clearly marked. According to Bohr, the Balmer series (shown on the bottom of the plot as the hydrogen spectrum) was cause by changing energy levels, in the process releasing light. As shown, larger energy changes produce more energetic photons, as seen in Balmers series, as further, this diagram shows how the Balmer series is formed by successive electron transition to the 2ndshell (transition to other shell produce additional lines named after their discoveri es.)This is a great achievement that the Bohr s model is able to provide a physical basis for the Balmer series formula. From his second postulate E f Ei= hf. (i) states for initial energy level (f)states for terminal energy levelEi=1/ni2E1and Ef=1/nf2E1hence hf =1/ nf2E1-1/ ni2E1=(1/ nf2-1/ ni2) E1And since c=fA=A=c/fthe expression reduces to 1/A=E1/hcX(1/ nf2-1/ ni2)where R states for Rydbergs constant, RH(hydrogen)1.097X 107m-1.By using the mixture of classical physics and quantum physics, Bohr was able to define the equation for the spectral lines of hydrogen. He didnt know why the electrons obeyed his rules. These were purely empirical results.Problems with the modelFor all the success, the Bohr model of the atom had serious limitations It and ad hoc mixture of classical and quantum physics it allows some laws of the classical physics held and others did not. Hydrogen has only one electron, and Bohrs postulate are only able to explain it. It cant work fo r multi-electron atoms .It could not explain the relative intensities of the spectral line some lines were more fierce to the others and it was not known why this should occur. Certain spectral line were foun of a number of very fine and close lines and the cause of these hyperfine spectral lines could not be explained. The splitting of spectral lines when the sample was placed in a magnetic field (called the Zeeman effect, and discussed below) could also not be explained.The postulates faced a line of work that it is suited for larger atom. Hydrogen is the simplest atom containing only one electron. Similarity He+and Li+have one electron. Bohrs model works with theses atom and ions. In all the other atoms however the electron interact with each other. In a larger atoms the outer electrons are shielded from the nucleus by the interior electrons. Interaction between electrons also result in different energy levels. The affect Bohrs model to the extent that the spectra of multiple electrons could not be explain.When the spectrum of the hydrogen was examined it was remark that the emission line varied in intensity. Some were quite intense and others were less intense some were sharp and some were boarder. The following figure. illustrate these differences. Bohrs model could not explain these features but later it was explained that electron orbited in a ellipse and not in a circles. As the developing of the light spectroscopes ameliorate it was found that some of the spectral lines were made up with hyperfine lines. This suggestion spitted Bohrs energy level theory however there was no explanation for this.The Zeeman perfumeZeeman Effect occurred when a magnetic field us pass through a discharge tube. The magnetic field increased the hyperfine splitting of spectral lines, further breaking them up. As the limitation, Bohrs model was unable to explain the experimental evidence.In 1896 a Dutch physics Pieter Zeeman (1865-1943) found that when he placed a source of sodium light betwe en the poles of a strong magnet the lines split into three or more. This could not explain by Bohrs model, The spectral line of some elements can even split to 15 lines. This is called the anomalous Zeeman effect. It cant be explain by that time, and it leads to the new developing of the model to explain it. This startle with the work of de Broglie.The following is the formal definition of Zeeman Effect The splitting of single spectral lines of an emission or absorption spectrum of a substance into three or more components when the substance is placed in a magnetic field. The effect occurs when several electron orbits in the same shell, which normally have the same energy level, have different energies due to their different orientations in the magnetic field. A normal Zeeman Effectis observed when a spectral line of an atom splits into three lines under a magnetic field. Astronomers can use the Zeeman Effect to measure magnetic fields of stars. The following diagrams shows the nor mal spectral line and the Zeeman effect.ReferencesTextbooks1. Excell HSC physics by Neville rabbit warren publish in 20072. Jacaranda Physics Second Edition published in 20043. Bohr and quantum theory by Paul Strathern in19984. Physics Spectrum by Peter H.Eastwell published by McGrathHill in 2000.WebsitesRuthorford scattering experimenthttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_scattering last updated 19 July 2008http//library.thinkquest.org/19662/high/eng/exp-rutherford.htmlAtomic structure discovered http//www.neoam.cc.ok.us/rjones/Pages/online1014/chemistry/chapter_8/pages/atomic_structure_discover.htmlFiguresFigure1.Demorcuris http//www.dl.ac.uk/TCS/Software/DL_POLY/ATTIC/DEMOCRITUS/Pictures/democritus.jpgFigure2. Aristotle http//www.bun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/phisci/Images/aristotle.jpgFigure3. John Dalton http//www.learner.org/ course/courses/essential/physicalsci/images/s4.dalton.jpgFigure4. J.J Thomsonhttp//www.wired.com/images/article/full/2008/04/jj_thompson_400px.jpgFigure5.Henri Bec querelhttp//www.mlahanas.de/Physics/Bios/images/HenriBecquerel.jpgFigure6. Ernest Rutherfordhttp//z.about.com/d/chemistry/1/0/n/T/rutherford1.jpgFigure7. Niels Bohrhttp//www.springtimepublishers.com/images/Niels_Bohr.jpg